Hardware of render farm

Depending on specific types of software and workloads, you may need different kinds of hardware. We divide them into 2 categories:

Hardware of CPU render farm

In other words, hardware for CPU rendering. It is optimized for CPU-based rendering applications such as Cinema 4D (Physical/Standard), Vray CPU, Arnold CPU, Blender CPU, Renderman, Houdini (Mantra/Karma CPU) and more.

CPU

Needless to say, CPU is the most important component in a CPU render farm. The CPU should have as many cores as possible, and as high clock speed as possible.

Image Credit: soundonsound.com

GPU

Since a render farm is optimized for CPU rendering, you don’t need a powerful GPU. Most of the time, it will sit there doing nothing. So let’s get a cheap one.

RAM

RAM is crucial for CPU rendering. Depending on the complexity of your scenes, you may need much or less RAM. The jobs are generally done with 32GB of RAM, but you might want 64GB or more when rendering complex scenes.

Hardware of GPU render farm

In other words, hardware for GPU rendering. It is optimized for GPU-based renderers such as Redshift, Octane, Vray GPU, Arnold GPU, Blender GPU, Iray, and many more.

CPU

In a GPU render farm, CPU should clock as fast as possible. Even though your GPUs handle the majority of the hard work during rendering, the CPU is still in charge of some tasks that GPUs cannot. Furthermore, GPUs are often dependent on these CPU workloads. CPU must finish them quickly so that the GPUs may carry on rendering.

GPU

A GPU render farm’s most crucial component is its GPU. There are a few factors you need to take into consideration: the number of GPUs, the amount of VRAM you want/need and your budget.

Also, with each added GPU, render performance will practically linearly scale. We should aim for a multi-GPU configuration to maximize the performance of GPU render nodes.

Image Credit: NVIDIA

RAM

The amount of RAM required is determined on the complexity of your scenes. It is utilized when you have to render out-of-core. Because if a GPU runs out of VRAM (due to a large number of polygons or textures in the scene), the software will instead use the system’s memory – RAM. 32GB to 64GB of RAM is usually plenty. Only in exceptional circumstances will you need to increase the RAM on render nodes to 128GB.

Other Components

There are a few other components you also need:

• Hard drive: SSD drive.
• Motherboard: to fit your choice of GPU(s) and CPU.
• Cooling: to keep your render farm from overheating.
• PSU: strong enough to provide power for your render farm.
• Case: to fit all components you intend to purchase.

However, when using online render farms, the three factors we should be most concerned about are CPU, GPU and RAM.

Which hardware do online render farms use?

There are so many render farms in the world. So Radarrender takes our 5 best render farms to demonstrate.

Fox Renderfarm

Fox Renderfarm was founded in 2011 with a team of experienced computer graphics professionals. They provide cloud rendering services to a variety of entertainment studios and animation studios from more than 50 countries and regions. Fox Renderfarm offers SaaS (Software as a Service) Cloud Rendering services, allowing users to use their apps to render their projects.

• Their CPUs are Intel Xeon E5-2660, Intel Xeon E5-2678 V3, and Intel Xeon 8179M.
• Their GPUs are GTX 1080Ti, RTX 2080Ti, RTX 3090.
• Regarding RAM, their default node has 64 GB. But you can always choose a higher amount of 128 GB RAM (with extra expense).

GarageFarm

GarageFarm was founded in 2010 by a team of two, Tomek and Minhee. They are a UK-based company that offers cloud rendering services. Garage Farm operates on the SaaS (Software-as-a-Service) model. When you send the project from your application’s interface, this cloud render farm will connect with your 3D software and begin the rendering process.

• Their CPUs are Intel Xeon v4, AMD Epyc 3rdgen, available in 1x CPU, 2x CPU, 4x CPU configuration.
• Their GPUs are 4x/8x Nvidia P100, 2x A5000.
• Depending on whether you render CPU or GPU, the node will have different amount of RAM. But in general, you can select between 60 – 240 GB of RAM. 

iRender Farm

iRender Farm is a Vietnam-based cloud render farm which was established in 2019. They offer an IaaS (Infrastructure-as-a-Service) model that allows users to have complete control over iRender’s servers and set up a similar working environment on the remote server to render. iRender brings an efficient rendering method with high computing GPU and CPU infrastructure that can handle heavy-duty tasks like a breeze.

• Their CPUs are AMD Ryzen Threadripper PRO 3955WX, AMD Ryzen Threadripper PRO 5975WX.
• Their GPUs are RTX 3090, RTX 4090, available in 1x, 2x, 4x, 6x, 8x GPU configurations.
• Regarding RAM, their nodes have 256 GB of RAM.

RANCH Computing

RANCH Computing is a high-performance CPU and GPU rendering service, as well as a provider of 3D rendering hardware solutions. This company was founded in 2007 and is headquartered in Paris, France. RANCH Computing’s business approach is based on the SaaS (Software-as-a-Service) model. This allows customers to access their farm easily and utilize the power of render nodes to speed up the rendering process.

• Their CPUs are Dual Xeon E5-2697A v4, Dual Xeon E5-2690 v2.
• Their GPUs are RTX 2080Ti, RTX 3090.
• Regarding RAM, their nodes have 128 GB or 256 GB of RAM.

RebusFarm

RebusFarm is a professional rendering service which is based in Germany. Their cloud rendering solution is capable of handling major 3D software. It is built on the SaaS model (Software-as-a-Service). You will submit your job through a plugin within the 3D software. With over 15 years of experience in the field of 3D rendering, RebusFarm has grown to become one of the most trusted render cloud services.

• Their CPUs are AMD Threadripper 3970X, Intel i9-7980XE.
• Their GPUs are Quadro RTX 6000, RTX 3080Ti.
• Regarding RAM, their nodes have 64 GB or 128 GB of RAM.

Summary for ‘Hardware of render farm’

In summary, below is the hardware (CPU, GPU and RAM) that the top render farms use.

In general, render farms having more powerful CPUs are ones with AMD CPUs: GarageFarm, iRender and RebusFarm. Regarding GPU, iRender has the most powerful GPUs while Fox Renderfarm has the most diverse GPUs.

You can refer to the hardware of the above online render farms to build your local render farm.

The post Hardware of render farm – All you need to know appeared first on RadarRender.

Overview Cinema 4D and Vray GPU rendering 

Cinema 4D is a popular software 3D for animation & VFX, it is a professional 3D modeling, animation, simulation, and rendering software. V-ray is the professional export tool for Cinema 4D; it combines all the elements to produce the fastest, most accurate results. This is also the specialized rendering software that 3D artists and designers use a lot for Cinema 4D.

Vray for Cinema 4D brings your creative ideas to life, handling all projects from simple to complex when working with Cinema 4D. Although v-ray is a 3rd-party renderer, you will be amazed at its integration and easy-to-use interface in Cinema 4D.

In addition to being able to render using both CPU and GPU, v-Ray also has powerful tools that allow you to create worlds and post-process renders without needing separate applications to interrupt the process of your creativity. Vray has a lot of tools and a huge library that can not only shorten the time of modeling and rendering but also improve the quality.

Benefits of using V-ray GPU rendering

• V-Ray GPU renders with a 2x speed boost. 
• Adaptive dome light: Enjoy 2x quicker render speeds with the new Adaptive Dome Light for image-based lighting, which next doubles the GPU rendering performance of V-Ray 3.6.
• Receive immediate feedback on lighting, materials, and the general appearance of your scene with the new AI Denoiser’s interactive rendering.
• Smart UI: The new contextual UI instantly adjusts to your V-Ray GPU workload.
• Volume rendering: With GPU acceleration, generating 3D volumetric effects like smoke, fire, and fog is now faster than before.

Supported Hardware and Drivers

We have some hardware recommendations for Vray GPU rendering to work effectively in Cinema 4D. 

On the NVIDIA CUDA and RTX platforms, V-Ray GPU renders

• NVIDIA – The CUDA platform is used when the engine is configured to V-Ray GPU (with RTX disabled). Only 64-bit builds of V-Ray for NVIDIA cards with Maxwell, Pascal, Turing, or Volta architectures support it. Check if your card has the bare minimum amount of processing power here.
• NVIDIA RTX – V-Ray GPU utilizes the RT Cores in NVIDIA RTX GPUs when the engine is set to V-Ray GPU with RTX enabled.
• Beginning with V-Ray 3.6, V-Ray GPU CUDA rendering may be done on CPUs and NVIDIA GPUs simultaneously. This is known as hybrid rendering (running CUDA on GPU and CPU). You can enable your CPUs as CUDA devices and allow the CUDA code to combine your CPUs and GPUs to leverage all of the resources by using the Choose Devices for V-Ray GPU Rendering option.

Benchmark Cinema 4D and V-ray GPU rendering 

Below, we’ll show you more of the power of Cinema 4D when combined with V-Ray GPUs. In this section, we compare the speed of a cinema 4D Vray 1 GPU card with 2 and 3 GPU cards when rendering Vray in cinema 4D. Different types of RTX cards have different rendering speeds, and you can see that the speed of the 1.2 and 3 GPU cards amazes us.

Looking at the results table, it is clear that, in addition to the speed of the third GPU card, the rendering time of the second card has been significantly optimized. Based on the final results, multi-GPU is recommended for cinema 4D Vray GPU rendering.

Top 3 render farm support Cinema 4D Vray GPU rendering

For stable and efficient rendering speeds, you need an extremely powerful workstation. And not everyone has the budget to build such a workstation. So we’ve selected the top three render farms that best support Cinema 4D Vray GPU rendering for you. 

Garage Farm 

Garage Farm is a cloud-based rendering farm that supports Cinema 4D Vray GPU rendering and rendering tools, along with other 3D software. They have both CPU and GPU rendering, as well as the fastest rendering and time-accelerated large machines.

GarageFarm provide a high-speed file transfer tool that can check your scene for errors before starting the rendering process. They equip GPU nodes with 8x Tesla K80 cards, which are 3x faster than 1 card of 1080 Ti.

GarageFarm offers flexible pricing plans for artists to choose render packages according to their needs, based on render hours and nodes; they also have additional features like 24/7 support, sending online work, secure file transfers, and high-speed downloads.

Ranch Computing 

Ranch Computing is a cloud-based render farm with Cinema 4D Vray GPU rendering support. They provide a high-performance rendering service with a dedicated Nvidia GPU, which in turn makes render times faster, especially for complex scenes.

To use Ranch Computing’s service for Cinema 4D Vray GPU rendering, you need to first upload your project files to their platform, called Ranchecker, and install the desired rendering configuration. Once your render job is submitted, you can track its progress in real-time using the Compute Ranch console. Once the job is done, you can download the finished dump files directly from the platform.

They support the GPU service pack for Cinema 4D and Vray with a high-end NVIDIA card. VRAM up to 24 GB with 1.8 million cores corresponds to nearly 2700 per node.

Ranch Computing offers dynamically priced render packages based on render hours and renders nodes. This gives 3D artists good options for projects of different sizes and budgets. 

iRender Farm 

iRender is an IaaS render farm that provides support for all 3D software and rendering engines, including Cinema 4D and Vray GPU rendering. Their service includes fast render times and flexible pricing to suit different project requirements.

iRender allows users to have full control over their computer and set up a similar working environment with the customer’s personal computer on the remote server to work and render. They have various pricing plans from which to choose depending on the scope of your project. In addition, they also have accompanying promotions such as a 20% bonus of the first deposit within 24 hours to those who register for the first time and a 50% bonus on educational projects.

They provide a dedicated server for Vray that features a processor AMD RyzenTM ThreadripperTM PRO CPU with a high clock speed of 3.9 GHz–4.7 GHz and a 2 TB SSD to load your scene quickly. This server has up to 24GB of VRAM and 1, 2, 4, or 6 NVIDIA RTX 3090/4090 graphics cards.

Amazingly, iRender supports NVLink (Request), allowing you to boost your VRAM to 48GB.

They are available to you 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Just send them a message, and they will reply immediately. They also support you via email, Skype, and live chat channels, but their approach is unique.

Above are 3 render farms that support Cinema 4D Vray GPU rendering and are the best, cheapest, and most powerful that you should refer to for your project.

See More: What Is The Farm Render That Supports Maya Vray GPU Rendering?

The post What is render farm support Cinema 4D Vray GPU rendering? appeared first on RadarRender.

In this render farm price vs performance comparison we will be taking a different approach to comparing render farms by focusing on real world data collected through benchmarks and by the end you should have a better understanding of what to look for when comparing services with respect to price and performance.

Working out how two render farm’s compare is never simple. Many farms claim to be the fastest, cheapest and most efficient however even in the cases where these statements are true it is almost always misleading. You may be forgiven for thinking that the render farm with the lowest price is the cheapest, or that the render farm with the fastest machines is the most powerful but this is not true!

Based on the original Blender Render Farm Price vs Performance Comparison thread.

TLDR: If your just interested in the results jump to the Price vs Performance – The Results section.

Methodology

Benchmarking render farms is much more difficult than doing traditional CPU or GPU benchmarks. Render farms are often black boxes with respect to the hardware they are using and there is often no way to control for the current load on a farm from other users running jobs at the same time as you. In fact the render farm itself might not know what their current hardware availability looks like as they may be using resources from cloud services like AWS or even other render farms! Under these circumstances the price and render time of a scene can change day to day or even half way through a render so calculating the price and time to render a scene on render farm x is and always has been an exercise in heuristics.

Where benchmarking really shines with respect to render farms is in doing relative comparisons of each service. The two most important questions for artists are “How long will it take for me to get my results after job submission?” and “How much will the job cost me?”. Benchmarks might not give you a direct answer for either of these but they do allow you to pick the render farm which will perform the most competitively in both categories.

This test covered the comparison of nine render farms, some new to Radarrender and some that have been featured before. All benchmarks were carried out largely by one person (me) over a period of a few months in 2020 with the exception of Paperspace which was tested by a member of the blender community (blenderrocket). The tests started out as a thread on blenderartists.org so please check it out for the background context. In some cases farms provided free credits specifically for the tests, in others I made use of the free credits that come with creating a new account (a promotional feature offered by some farms) and on others I purchased my own credits.

Why Blender?

Blender is growing in all the most important areas yet it is still less well known for producing the large feature films and commercials that really require render farms to complete. Despite this there are still many reasons to use Blender over other applications like Maya or C4D when carrying out a render farm price vs performance comparison.

1. Blender is Free:

Since Blender is free for everybody (render farms and users) it makes it a great proxy for establishing the price of a render farm overall across it’s whole product stack. With other applications we would have to factor in the license costs some farms have to pay to use some applications and renderers.

2. Everyone Supports Blender:

Blender runs anywhere on anything for free! As a result almost every render farm supports Blender making it a brilliant common denominator for comparing farms.

3. CPU and GPU:

Since Blender’s Cycles rendering engine has first class support for both CPU and GPU rendering we can benchmark and compare all machine configurations offered by each farm.

4. Industry Recognised Benchmarking Tool:

Blender is recognised as a benchmarking tool in the wider hardware space making comparisons to single machine set-ups much easier. The Blender Foundation also has it’s own open data initiative for benchmarking single machines, not for distributed systems like render farms though.

Checkout our Blender Cycles and Eevee render farm comparison article for our in detail Blender render farm comparison

Benchmark Scene

A modified version of the Blender bwm demo scene was used for all the benchmarks. The scene was modified to turn it from a single frame render to a 25 frame animation. While some farms support single frame rendering most split up render jobs so that one frame is rendered per machine. I chose 25 frames as it was a good trade off between being enough frames to test each farms machine capacity and low enough to not be too expensive. I also used different versions of the scene for CPU and GPU tests so that the scene file was optimised for both settings.

Scene Download and Raw Data

I have included all the .blend files used in the tests as well screenshots of the raw data as displayed by the render farms in this Google drive folder https://drive.google.com/open?id=1PKcE9ZEPgIA6a54DYwWg-83LyySelElt 1

I took a screenshot of the render results as shown by the render farms user interface. here is an example of one from GridMarkets:

Render farm Price vs Performance Metrics

When doing a render farm price vs performance comparison it is important to decide on the metrics you want to use for both price and performance. Many render farms use different metrics when advertising their services but I decided to use Effective Frequency (GHz) and Price ($ USD / GHzh) for my measurements. Below is an explanation of the two metrics, how they are being calculated and their units.

Effective Frequency (GHz)

I am defining the term effective frequency to mean the number of CPU cycles per second a single core CPU would have to exhibit to match the performance observed by the render farm. Basically it is a way of treating a render farm as if it were a single CPU (albeit a very high performance one).

I measured this by first calculating the render time of each benchmark scene I used on a local machine. Since the frequency and core count of the local machine was known I could estimate the number of CPU cycles required to render each .blend file. Some work could be done to improve this estimation (test on a wider variety of machines / operating systems, etc) but since it is the relative performance we care about any error here should not effect the conclusions.

The farms effective frequency can then be calculated using

eF = c / d

where:
eF = Effective Frequency (GHz)
c = Total CPU cycles required to render the benchmark (G CPU cycles)
d = Job Duration (s)

This is an especially useful metric for render farm price vs performance comparisons because it allows you to take into account differences in benchmark scenes.

Price ($ USD / GHzh)

$ USD / GHzh is the most common way of comparing render farm prices but the units can be hard to understand, I find it helps to think of them in SI units:

1. $ USD = 1 US dollar
2. GHz = 10⁹ x cycle x second^-1
3. h = second x 3600

so the GHzh is actually equal to

1. 10⁹ x cycle x second^-1 x second x 3600
2. 10⁹ x cycle x second ^-1 x second x 3600
3. 10⁹ x cycle x 3600

In this case the cycles we’re measuring are CPU clock cycles so you can think of ($ USD / GHzh) as the the number of US dollars you pay for 3600 x 10⁹ CPU cycles.

I am again using the fact that we know how many CPU cycles it takes to render each test scene to estimate the price of each benchmark.

p = p_i / (c / 3600)

where:

p = Render Farm price ($ USD / GHzh)
p_i = Price ($ USD) to render job i
c = Total CPU cycles required to render the benchmark (G CPU cycles)

Best Performance – Tresorio

From the graph above you can see the clear winners from a performance and price perspective. Tresorio’s linear pricing model makes it the clear winner in terms of price, it also offers the best performance with it’s 25 GPU machine configuration.

Best Price – Xesktop

The cheapest service we found actually ended up being Xesktop’s virtual desktop offering. While not really a render farm if you just need a single powerful machine for rendering stills then this could be something to consider.

Points of Interest

There are also some curious cases which seem at first to make no sense. GridMarkets’ cheapest machine option by credits / hour (16vCPU) ends up being the most expensive and slowest option they offer. In fact with GridMarkets if you were to choose one of their GPU options it would end up rendering more than twice as fast for about half the cost! This illustrates why you should not assume cheaper machines will result in a cheaper render.

There are also the cases of Rebus Farm and GarageFarm who offer their services in terms of priority tiers. You will see that from the tests I ran using a higher priority made little difference to the effective performance but cost much more. This may be because the farms were under low load at the time so a higher priority didn’t make much difference. GarageFarm is unusual in that it lets you see load on the farm through it’s interface however with rebus there is no way of knowing that I could find.

The post Render Farm Price vs Performance Comparison appeared first on RadarRender.

Xesktop is a cloud rendering service developed by Garage Farm. Interestingly, the service is brought to you in partnership with Copernicus Computing. Compared to iRender Farm, the business model of Xesktop is also based on Iaas (Infrastructure as a Service) where you can rent a GPU server via Remote Desktop and use it as your local computer. However, there are big differences between iRender Farm and Xesktop in terms of pricing, hardware, software, customer service, and so on. While iRender Farm ranked first in the top render farms, how about Xesktop? Let’s find out the answer in this article!

Company Name	Xesktop
Website	https://xesktop.com/
Country	United Kingdom
Type of render farm	GPU
Free Trial	N/A

First and foremost, we would like to talk about the UI/UX of a render farm. It is clear that Xesktop brings us a friendly UI/UX that we have easy access to the dashboard and their system. You will find it easy to start using this GPU rental service. Generally speaking, Xesktop provides GPU rental server(s) for you via an RDP file, then you are able to take control of the server and do whatever you want. To commence, recharging money is the prerequisite if you need to use Xekstop service, which starts at 10$, there is no free trial for new customers. After topup, you are able to create an image, then select the GPU specification on the list and boot the image. When your image has been booted successfully, you will be provided with a .rdp (Remote Desktop Connection) file with credentials to connect to your Windows image on the server. You can install everything you need and render your project yourself. With this service, you use your server remotely just like a standard PC. The image with all your applications installed will be saved and ready for you every time you want to reuse it.

However, timing is a severe problem that Xesktop should pay attention to and improve their service. In detail, transferring your files from your PC to the Xesktop system often wastes from 30 minutes to hours depending on the project size, it usually takes you 15 minutes to create an image on Xesktop system, compared to only 30-60 seconds of iRender Farm. In addition, the booting time often makes you frustrated and impatient when you need to wait for this process within 30 minutes or more. In case the booting action fails, it takes you a longer time (more than one hour) just to access the remote server. 

Another factor that we experienced and compared among IaaS-based render farms is transfer file methods. Regarding Xesktop, you can transfer files to and from the server using third-party FTP services, cloud drives (i.e. Dropbox or Google Drive), or by copying directly via RDP. If your files are just under 1GB of data, everything works smoothly. In contrast, the issue comes when your files are larger. Transferring files via FTP services is not an ideal option because it is extremely slow. While using cloud drives, you need to upload your data to Google Drive or Dropbox, for instance, then download the data from these cloud drives to the Xesktop server once you access it. The drawbacks of this transferring file method are time-consuming and depending much on Xesktop internet connection. Maybe you think of using Dropbox or Google Drive right on the Xesktop servers and the data can be synchronized, right? But it is more complicated to use Dropbox or Google Drive on their server. As Xesktop guide, you should store your project files and save all rendered frames to the shared storage in U drive which is a network drive, and NEVER to C drive or Desktop, Xesktop system will delete all data that you store on hardware drives like C or Desktop after finishing the usage session. Unfortunately, by default, Dropbox can’t use a network drive for the sync folder location. Upon request, Xesktop will provide you with a workaround for that. Thus your Dropbox folder will be only synced once and will be uniform across all system images when you contact Xesktop staff and wait for them to set it up for you. To sum up, the workflow seems quite cumbersome. 

Next, we would like to mention to types of supported software that a render farm offers. As far as I know, the business model of Xesktop is based on the IaaS model and they only provide GPU server(s) for you to get access to it and what you do with it is up to you. You can install any software you want to use on the remote server, but you need to provide your own license for any software that needs it. You can purchase an additional license or simply transfer your current license to the Xesktop server as long as your software provider has an online licensing tool (e.g. Octane and Redshift). You can use the same license on your workstation as well as on the Xesktop servers interchangeably. However, compared to another render farm which is also an IaaS platform, iRender also provides licenses for customers in terms of FStorm, Redshift that utilizes the power of multi-GPU rendering, but Xesktop does not. 

When it comes to hardware, with the Xesktop cloud render farm, they only provide 2 types of GPU: GTX 1080Ti and Tesla V100. While GTX 1080Ti is gradually becoming outdated, Tesla V100 is not highly recommended for 3D rendering, AI training instead. Regarding iRender Farm which is a fierce competitor with Xesktop, they not only provide a wider range of cutting edge GPU types namely RTX series 2080Ti, RTX 3080, RTX 3090; but they also offer a diversity of rental server packages from single GPU per server to multi GPUs per server. Looking at the bright side, although Xesktop does not provide various GPU types or single-GPU servers, they specialize in multi GPUs on each server. There are 2 kinds of servers including 10x GTX 1080Ti and 8x Tesla V100. You can take advantage of the number of GPU cards on each server to speed up your rendering time if your renderers utilize multi-GPU rendering. Please take a look at the detailed specifications for both types of GPU server:

You should keep in mind that there are totally only 20 servers on Xekstop farm. First, you have to queue to use Xesktop service if the system is full. Second, you will be limited in the number of images that are able to use because the availability of those servers varies depending on the current traffic.

Let’s move on pricing! As we all know, Xesktop provides two aforementioned types of GPU servers including 10x GTX 1080Ti and 8x Tesla V100. The price for the former is 6$/node/hour while the other one costs 8$/node/hour. Initially, it seems that the Xesktop pricing is quite cheap when compared to other render farms because they offer lower GPU types. However, the usage time to render a project on the Xesktop system lasts longer than that of other render farms, iRender for example. As a result, the total cost is not cheaper than the medium cost of the cloud rendering market. Besides, there are not many pricing plans for users to select when Xesktop only offers using rental service on an hourly basis, without on a weekly or monthly basis. 

Customer service, which can be considered as a key factor in each business, is the final one we talk about Xesktop. Xesktop staffs support customers quite well. After asking a question via live chat, they are often available within 15 – 20 minutes to answer your questions and support you to fix a problem if any. The supporting speed is relatively fast that can make you satisfied with them. 

Reading article A wave of shifting rendering from CPU to GPU

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